Nebulizer apparatus and method

ABSTRACT

An apparatus and method for providing a nebula or aerosol to a patient is described. In one aspect, the nebulizer is composed of a minimum number of parts to reduce complexity for automated or human assembly. The nebulizer may include an inhalation valve, exhalation valve and biasing member integrated into a single diaphragm structure that may be connected with an actuator and inserted into a housing for controlling nebulization of a medicine to a patient in response to the patient&#39;s breathing or in a continuous nebulization mode.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/360,165, filed Jul. 8, 2016, the entire disclosure of which is herebyincorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

The present application relates to a method and apparatus for deliveringan aerosol, nebulized liquid or solid medicine or a vapor to a patient'srespiratory tract.

Medical nebulizers for generating a fine spray or nebula of a liquidmedicine that can be inhaled by a patient are well known devicescommonly used for the treatment of certain conditions and diseases.Nebulizers have applications in treatments for conscious,spontaneously-breathing patients and for controlled ventilated patients.

In some nebulizers, a gas and a liquid are mixed together and directedagainst a baffle. As a result, the liquid is aerosolized, that is, theliquid is caused to form into small particles that are suspended in theair. This aerosol of the liquid can then be inhaled into a patient'srespiratory tract. One way to mix the gas and liquid together in anebulizer is to pass a quickly moving gas over a liquid orifice tip of atube. The negative pressure created by the flow of pressurized gas willdraw the liquid out of the liquid orifice tip into the stream of gas andnebulize it.

Some of the considerations in the design and operation of nebulizersinclude regulation of dosages and maintenance of consistent aerosolparticle size. In conventional nebulizer design, pressurized gas mayentrain a liquid against a baffle on a continuous basis until the liquidin a reservoir is depleted. Continuous nebulization may result in awaste of aerosol during a patient's exhalation or during a delay betweena patient's inhalation and exhalation. This effect may also complicateregulation of dosages because the amount of wasted aerosol may bedifficult to quantify. Also, continuous nebulization may affect particlesize and/or density. In addition, there may be excess medication lost tocondensation on the nebulizer or mouthpiece during periods ofnon-inhalation. On the other hand, interrupted nebulization may alsoaffect particle size and density as the nebulization is turned on andoff.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of a nebulizer according to thepresent invention.

FIG. 2 is an exploded view of the nebulizer of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3A illustrates an embodiment of a diaphragm including a combinationof input valve, output valve and biasing member that is usable in thenebulizer of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional view of the diaphragm of FIG. 3A.

FIG. 4 is rear elevational view of the nebulizer of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is a perspective cross-sectional view of the nebulizer of FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of FIG. 4illustrating a negative pressure zone in the nebulizer.

FIG. 8 illustrates the cross-sectional view of FIG. 6 with exhaled andsupplied air pathways.

FIG. 9 illustrates the cross-sectional view of FIG. 7 with a positivepressure zone in the nebulizer.

FIG. 10 is a side elevational view of an inner housing suitable for usein the nebulizer of FIG. 1.

FIG. 11 is a partial cross-sectional view of the nebulizer of FIG. 17illustrating an exhaled air pathway.

FIG. 12A illustrates an alternative embodiment of the diaphragm of FIG.3A.

FIG. 12B is a cross-sectional view of the diaphragm of FIG. 12A

FIG. 13A is a cross-sectional view of a nebulizer utilizing thediaphragm of FIG. 12A showing an inhalation flow.

FIG. 13B is a cross-sectional view of a nebulizer utilizing thediaphragm of FIG. 13A showing an exhalation flow.

FIG. 14A is a bottom perspective view of a second alternative embodimentof the diaphragm of FIG. 3A.

FIG. 14B is a top perspective view of the diaphragm of FIG. 14A.

FIG. 14C is a cross-sectional view of the diaphragm of FIGS. 14A-14B.

FIG. 15 is a partial cross-sectional view of a nebulizer utilizing thediaphragm of FIGS. 14A-14C illustrating an inhalation flow.

FIG. 16 is the partial cross-sectional view of the nebulizer of FIG. 15illustrating an exhalation flow.

FIG. 17A is a top perspective view of a third alternative embodiment ofthe diaphragm of FIG. 3A.

FIG. 17B is a bottom perspective view of the diaphragm of FIG. 17A.

FIG. 17C is a cross-sectional view of the diaphragm of FIGS. 17A-17B.

FIG. 18 is a perspective view of an actuator assembled with thediaphragm of FIGS. 17A-17C.

FIG. 19 is a perspective cross-sectional view of the nebulizer of FIG. 1having the actuator and diaphragm of FIG. 18.

FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view of the nebulizer of FIG. 19illustrating an inhalation flow.

FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view of the nebulizer of FIG. 19illustrating an exhalation flow.

FIG. 22 is a partial cross-sectional view of a nebulizer utilizing afourth alternative embodiment of the diaphragm of FIG. 3A.

FIG. 23 is a top view of the diaphragm of the nebulizer of FIG. 22

FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view of a nebulizer incorporating thediaphragm of FIGS. 22-23.

FIG. 25A illustrates a cross-sectional view of a retainer usable in thenebulizer of FIG. 1 and having a ramp profile for use in switching thenebulizer between breath-actuated and continuous nebulization modes

FIG. 25B illustrates a top view of the retainer of FIG. 25A.

FIG. 26A is a perspective view of an actuator usable in the nebulizer ofFIG. 1.

FIG. 26B is a side view of the actuator of FIG. 26A.

FIG. 27A is a perspective view of the nebulizer of FIG. 1 showing theindicating feature of the actuator in a breath-actuated position.

FIG. 27B is the nebulizer of FIG. 27A showing the indicating feature ofthe actuator in a continuous nebulization position.

FIGS. 28A-28B illustrate a perspective view of a nebulizer having analternate embodiment of the indicating feature of FIGS. 27A-27B.

FIG. 29 is a sectional view of the indicating member of FIGS. 28A-28B.

FIG. 30 is a cross-sectional view of a nebulizer incorporating anactuator with the indicating member of FIG. 29.

FIGS. 31A-31C illustrate an alternative embodiment of the ramp featurefor adjusting an operating mode of FIGS. 25A-25B where the ramp isincorporated into the nozzle cover inside the nebulizer instead of onthe retainer on the outside of the nebulizer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A method and apparatus for delivering nebulized liquid or solidmedication or vapor to a patient is disclosed.

The disclosed nebulizer design takes advantage a moving baffle concept,where the baffle is mounted to an actuator which has a constrainedability to move vertically within the nebulizer. Some known baffles maybe incorporated into the top portion of the nebulizer and may requirecareful manual assembly in order to position the actuator within thenebulizer at a desired position in relation to the baffle. Thetravelling baffle design disclosed herein integrates the baffle into theactuator and may reduce the difficulties that may be experienced inmanual assembly and may reduce the need for rotational orientationduring assembly, thus allowing other components of the nebulizer tofollow suit.

As described in greater detail below, a diaphragm includes a flexiblemembrane that responds to the changing pressures inside the nebulizer todrive the actuator and the baffle towards the pressured gas orifice,such that the baffle radially deflects gas injected into the nebulizerfrom a pressurized gas orifice outwards creating a low pressure zoneover an adjacent liquid orifice. The capillary effect, along with thelow pressure zone, draw the liquid from the reservoir in the nebulizervia the orifice and into the gas stream from the pressurized gasorifice. The diaphragm combines a biasing element, a latch feature toassemble the actuator with the diaphragm, an inhalation valve and anexhalation valve into a single part. The biasing element of thediaphragm is designed to provide assistance to the movement of theactuator. The amount of assistance needed from the diaphragm to move theactuator depends on a number of factors. These factors include theweight of the actuator, the upwards force created by the pressurized gasstriking the baffle, any friction impeding the actuator, and any vacuumforce generated by internal aerodynamics of the nebulizer.

The assistance the biasing element of the diaphragm provides to themovement of the actuator can be in one of two directions. The biasingelements can help to hold the actuator in the “normally off” conditionwith the biasing element being sufficiently strong enough to hold theactuator in an UP/OFF position even when pressured gas is not injectedinto the nebulizer through the pressured gas inlet. This biasing elementis ideally responsive enough to quickly react to negative pressuresgenerated though inhalation. Conversely, the biasing element could alsobe implemented to hold the actuator in the “normally on” condition whenpressured gas is applied to the pressured gas inlet. The biasing elementwould be sufficiently weak to allow the actuator to move to the UP/OFFposition when pressured gas is applied to the pressured gas inlet, yetstrong enough to help the patient overcome the force imparted by the gasstream on the actuator and minimize the work needed to be done oninhalation.

In addition to the biasing member function of the diaphragm, thediaphragm includes two valves that may behave like pressure reliefvalves: an inner valve is a center opening valve positioned in to resistopening until the spring has collapsed and aerosol is being generated.Controlling the inhalation valve involves balancing between prematureand delayed opening. Premature opening of the inhalation valve wouldincrease the flow required to actuate, reducing the drug delivered perbreath, and thereby increasing the overall drug delivery time. In anextreme situation, the nebulizer would fail to actuate and a delayedopening would make inhaling through the device more difficult since theuser would need to impart more energy to sustain flow through theinhalation valve. In an extreme case, a user would not be able togenerate enough vacuum to open the inhalation valve and no flow would begenerated.

Also disclosed in the implementations provide herein are features suchas an exhalation pathway that channels expired air out of the rear ofthe nebulizer, away from the patient, as well as a mode selector andmethods of use. Various methods discussed herein allow for switching thenebulizer between a breath-actuated mode, where aerosol is onlygenerated upon inhalation through the nebulizer mouthpiece, and acontinuous mode, where the mode selector fixes the components of thenebulizer to continuously generate an aerosol as long as a pressurizedgas is being supplied and a medicament is present in the reservoir.

Referring now to FIGS. 1-2, one implementation of a nebulizer 10 isshown. The nebulizer may include six discrete components (FIG. 2), fiveof which are capable of being assembled in a top-down method with eachcomponent (other than the mouthpiece 12) sharing a common central axis.This arrangement may assist with reducing complexity when implementingautomated assembly. As can be seen, the components are also capable ofbeing assembled manually and incorporate features to reduce aprobability of human error in the assembly process.

The components of the nebulizer 10 include a bottom housing 14 having acylindrical body. The nebulizer 10 also contains a top portion, referredto as the retainer 16, and an internal assembly, referred to as theinner housing 18. A flexible component is also included in the nebulizer10, and is referred to as the diaphragm 20. A long, shaft-likecomponent, referred to as the actuator 22, is also contained within thenebulizer 10. The final component is the tubular mouthpiece 12. Thecomponents of the nebulizer 10, other than the diaphragm 20, may beformed with a single piece of material by an injection molding processand assembled without the use of welding or adhesives and joinedtogether using interference fits.

The retainer 16, actuator 22, inner housing 18, bottom hosing 14 andmouthpiece 12 may all be constructed from a plastic material such as,but not limited to, polypropylene. Any of a number of types of plasticmay be used to construct these parts of the nebulizer 10. The diaphragm20 may be constructed from, but not limited to, a flexible material suchas silicone.

Referring to FIG. 6, a pressurized gas inlet 24 of the bottom housing 14extends into the chamber 26 of the bottom housing 14. The externalopening 28 of the pressured gas inlet 24 is designed to press-fit with apressured gas hose fitting (not shown). Inside the bottom housing 14,the pressurized gas inlet 24 tapers down into a nozzle with apressurized gas orifice 30 having a predetermined diameter. Preferablythe gas inlet 24 is coaxial with the cylindrical body of the bottomhousing 14 and extends through the bottom wall 32 of the chamber 26. Theinner housing 18 incorporates a nozzle cover 34 that slides over thepressurized gas inlet 24 on the bottom housing assembly 14.

The nozzle cover 34 is a tapered tubular member with openings at eitherend. When positioned over the pressurized gas inlet 24, the spacebetween the nozzle cover 34 and the pressurized gas inlet 24 creates atleast one passageway 36 between the radial opening created by the gapbetween the nozzle cover 34 and the bottom wall 32 of the bottom housing14 and the annular opening 38 defined by the outer diameter of thenozzle end of the pressurized gas inlet 24 and the inner diameter of thenozzle cover 34. To maintain the proper size of the annular opening 38and position of the nozzle cover 34 over the pressurized gas inlet 24,triangular ribs 40 may be included on the inside surface of the nozzlecover 34 and are designed to cooperate with a ledge 42 of thepressurized gas inlet 24, formed near the tip to locate the nozzle cover34 concentrically and maintain the passageway opening 44 between thelower edge of the nozzle cover 34 and the bottom wall 32 of the bottomhousing 14.

The lower chamber of the bottom housing 14 is preferably used as areservoir 46 and holds a fluid for nebulizing, such as a solutioncontaining medication. In one embodiment, the lower wall of the bottomhousing 14 slopes down to the base of the pressurized gas nozzle so thatgravity urges the fluid into the reservoir 46, towards of the opening 44of the passageway 36. As shown in FIGS. 5-6, the wall of the reservoirmay be set at an approximate angle of 45 degrees from the central axisof the nebulizer, although other wall angles can be used to reduce theresidual volume of medication at the end of a treatment. The bottomhousing 14 may be constructed from transparent plastic material to allowfor the patient and medical personnel to monitor medication levels inthe nebulizer 10. Referring to FIG. 4, markings 48 are included on theoutside surface of the bottom housing 14, in-line with the reservoir toshow the user the fill volume of medication within the reservoir insidethe bottom housing 14.

Referring to FIGS. 4, 6 and 8-10, the passageway 36 formed between thepressurized gas inlet 24 and nozzle cover 34 guides fluid from thereservoir 46 through the opening 44 to the passageway 36 and to theannular orifice 38. In this configuration, the flow of a fluid throughthe passageway 36 and the flow of a pressured gas through thepressurized gas inlet 24 are roughly parallel. The initial portion ofthe passageway 36 through which fluid (for example a liquid) travels isan annular or cylindrical pathway that may be undivided vertically. Theribs on the nozzle cover 34 of the internal housing 18 that maintain theconcentricity and height of the nozzle cover 34 with respect to thepressurized gas inlet 24 may divide the passageway 36 into three (3)separate passages near the tip of the nozzle cover 34, however theseparate passages merge and become undivided past the ribs, prior to thepressurized gas orifice 30. The characteristics of the aerosol generatedin the nebulizer 10, in addition to the mass output of the nebulizer,may be varied by varying the size of and number of these passages nearthe end of the passageway 36, as well as by extending the passages tothe surface of the pressurized gas orifice 30. Other passagewaydimensions and arrangements may be implemented to achieve the desiredaerosol size and density during nebulization. The pressured gas orifice30 is preferably circular in shape and concentrically aligned inside theannular orifice 38 in communication with the passageway 36.

The tip of the nozzle cover 34 and tip of the pressurized gas inlet 24may be flat surfaces. In one implementation, the pressurized gas orifice30 is positioned in the plane of the annular orifice 38. Alternatively,the plane of the gas orifice 30 may be parallel to, and offset from, theplane of the tip of the nozzle cover. The relative heights (offsets) ofthe tips of the pressurized gas inlet 24 and the nozzle cover 34 may bevaried to achieve the desired nebulization characteristics.

On the opposite end of the bottom housing 14 from the pressurized gasinlet 24, the inner housing 18 is removably attached to the cylindricalwall of the bottom housing 14 through the use of three (3) equidistantlyseparated ledges on both the bottom housing 14 and inner housing 18 towhich the inner housing 18 may be loosely rotated under for a frictionalfit to the bottom housing 14. Rotational orientation of the innerhousing 18 relative to the bottom housing 14 may be controlled by a tabincorporated into the inner housing 18 and a corresponding flat surfaceon the bottom housing 14 which arrests the rotational motion of theinner housing 18 when positioned correctly. A ramp profile in the bottomhousing 14 ensures the ledges on the inner housing 18 move under theledges on the bottom housing 14 as the tab follows the ramp profile.Though this example utilizes three (3) equidistantly spaced ledgesaround the outer surface of the bottom housing 14 and inner housing 18,any number of these threaded features may be used to the same effect inother implementations. When assembled, the outer surface of the innerhousing 18 forms an interference fit with the inner surface of thebottom housing 14 to ensure that air and aerosol is unable to leakbetween the two components and into the ambient environment.

The outer flange of the retainer 16 contains four (4) cut-outs 50 whichsnap fit with corresponding male extrusions 52 on the outer surface ofthe inner housing 18 to assemble the retainer 16 to the inner housing18. Two (2) textured flats 54 are included on the outer surface of theretainer 16 that break the circular profile of the outer flange, whichaid in the assembly of the inner housing 18 to the bottom housing 14 asthey mate with corresponding flats 56 on the outer surface of the innerhousing 18. This aids in the implementation of automated assembly as theflats 54, 56 provide features for robotic assembly systems to grasp aswell as for determining orientation with vision systems and reduce theprobability of human error on assembly. The flats 54, 56 on the innerhousing 18 and retainer 16 also allow the parts to be bowl fed to anautomated assembly. The retainer 16 is designed such that the retainer16 may be assembled to the inner housing 18 in either of theconfigurations possible that allow the flats on the inner housing 18 andbottom housing 14 to be parallel to each other on assembly as thefeatures of the retainer 16 are symmetrical. The flats 54, 56 also helpto hold the rotational orientation of the retainer 16 relative to theinner housing 18 after assembly.

Referring to FIGS. 2 and 5-8, the diaphragm 20 and retainer 16 areassembled coaxially and are mounted to each other through aninterference fit between the actuator 22 latch feature of the diaphragm20 and the receiving geometry of the actuator 22. In this configuration,the actuator 22 may be assembled with the diaphragm 20 by inserting theactuator through the inner, circular opening of the diaphragm 20 for agrommet style connection. A triangular-shaped ridge 58 around thesurface of the inner opening 60 of the diaphragm 20 mates withcomplementary receiving triangular grooves 62 on the latching surface ofthe diaphragm 20. The actuator 22 incorporates two (2) curved surfacesof approximately equal diameter on the inner surface of the diaphragm 20in this version of the latch feature.

When pushed through, the ridges slide into the receiving grooves on theactuator 22 and weakly hold the diaphragm 20 in place, relative to theactuator 22. The amount of interference between the actuator 22 anddiaphragm 20 is an important element of the design as excessive forcecan cause deformation of the diaphragm 20, affecting the flowcharacteristics of the valves. No rotational orientation is required forthe assembly of the diaphragm 20 and the actuator 22. There exists onlya top-down orientation when assembling the diaphragm 20 to the actuator22. Though only two (2) surfaces of contact 66 positioned at the end ofsupport arms 64 extending from the central axis of the actuator 22,separated by 180 degrees around the common axis of the diaphragm 20 andthe actuator 22, are used to stabilize the diaphragm 20, any number ofsuch features could be used of various mating geometries though they arepreferably equidistantly positioned around the actuator 22 to ensure thediaphragm 20 does not deform.

The diaphragm 20 and actuator 22 assembly is coaxially and slideablypositioned within the nebulizer, inside the cavity created by the innerhousing 18, with the coaxial body of the actuator 22 piston extendinginto the inner housing 18 along the longitudinal axis of the nebulizeras well as through a coaxial opening in the retainer 16 body. Theclosed, lower feature of the actuator 22 that extends into the cavity ofthe inner housing 18 defines a diverter 68 for diverting the flow ofpressured gas emerging from the pressurized gas orifice 30. In oneimplementation, the diverter 68 has a flat, circular surface having apredetermined area. The surface is also preferably aligned parallel tothe tip of the pressurized gas inlet 24 and perpendicular to thedirection of flow of the pressurized gas through the pressurized gasorifice 30. Concentric alignment of the diverter 68 in relation to thepressurized gas orifice 30 is aided by a downward sloping flange 70connected to the main actuator body with two arm protrusions 72. Thedownward sloping flange 70 acts as a guide and slides along the outersurface of the tapered end of the nozzle cover 34. The downward slopingflange 70 may be a short, tapered tubular feature with an opening ateither end to allow pressured gas to travel unimpeded through itscenter, in addition to the tapered end of the nozzle cover 34. Theflange 70 also helps to set a predetermined distance ‘h’ between thediverter surface and the surface of the pressurized gas orifice as thebottom of the flange 70 will contact a corresponding shoulder on thenozzle cover 34. The mouthpiece 12 is a tubular part with an ovularopening on one end for the patient to breathe through, and a cylindricalopening on the other end, that may be a 22 [mm] ISO standard fittingthat is press-fit into the corresponding cylindrical tube extending fromthe bottom housing 14, perpendicular to the axis of assembly for allother components.

Referring again to FIGS. 3A-3B, the diaphragm 20, a biasing element 78is included along with inhalation and exhalation valves 80, 82 tocontrol the flow of entrained air into the nebulizer 10 on exhalationand the flow of expired exhalation out of the nebulizer duringexhalation by the patient. There are a variety of alternativeembodiments of the diaphragm 20 contemplated in which these features maybe incorporated that are further described below with respect toalternative configurations. The nebulizer 10 also includes a mechanismto allow for the nebulizer to be manually set to continually nebulize afluid present in the reservoir 46 and to switch the nebulizer back tothe breath actuated mode. Further details also are provided below. Thenebulizer may also include an indicating feature to provide a visualverification on when nebulization is occurring.

Referring to the embodiment of FIGS. 1-11, the operation of the will nowbe explained. During operation, pressured gas provided from a gas sourceto the pressurized gas inlet 24 is continually entering the nebulizer 10through the pressurized gas orifice 10. There are two main positionsthat the actuator 22 can be in that cover the two states of thenebulizer during operation. In the first position, the diverter 68 isspaced a great enough distance away from the top of the pressurized gasorifice 30 so that nebulization is not initiated. The second positionoccurs during inhalation (and in a continuous nebulization mode whenthat mode is manually set) and is achieved when the actuator 22 movesdownward in relation to the rest of the nebulizer so that the diverter68 moves to a predetermined distance ‘h’ from the orifice of the nozzleappropriate for nebulization of the fluid within the reservoir 46 tooccur. The pressurized gas, which may be oxygen or any other breathablegas, continually flowing from the gas orifice 30 is now deflectedradially outward from the gas orifice in a 360 degree pattern by thediverter 68. The gas fans out over the annular orifice 38 at a highvelocity creating a low pressure zone over the annular orifice. The lowpressure zone, along with the capillary effect, draws the liquid fromthe reservoir 46 though the passageway 36 and into the stream of thepressurized gas. The liquid is aerosolized and drawn out of the airoutlet 84 in the bottom housing 14 through the mouthpiece 12.

To improve the performance of the nebulizer 10 in eliminatingnon-optimally size particles, the outer surface of the inner housing 18may include an extension 86 that extends to the inner surface of thebottom housing 14 and at least part way around the outer circumferenceof the inner housing. The extension 86 acts to intercept oversizedparticles entrained in the gas flow and condense on the lower surface ofthe extension 86 and fall back into the reservoir 46. This also helps todecrease the number of oversized particles being inhaled through themouthpiece. The extension also ensures ambient air that is drawn intothe nebulizer takes a more circuitous route through the aerosol beforeit leaves the nebulizer. This may assist to limit the particle densityand reduce the chance of particle growth through accidental particlecollisions. As stated above, the actuator is required to move from theUP/OFF (non-nebulizing) position and the DOWN/ON (nebulizing) positionfor nebulization to occur. Inhalation of ambient air into the nebulizervia the mouthpiece 12 and the exhalation of expired air through thenebulizer and out to the ambient atmosphere and the resistance to thisairflow are important factors which must be controlled to minimize thework required to be done by the patient during a treatment.

The biasing element 78 integrated into the diaphragm 20 assists in themovement of the actuator 22 and is configured to ensure nebulizationoccurs on inhalation when in breath actuated mode yet remains off wheninhalation is not occurring to reduce risk of medication released to theambient environment. Minimizing the inhalation flow required to move theactuator 22 is desirable because lowering the flow required to actuatemeans that nebulization of the medication may start earlier duringinhalation and stop closer to the end of exhalation, thus generatingmore aerosol in each breath and maximizing drug output. In the diaphragm20 of FIGS. 1-11, the exhalation valve 82 is incorporated into theupwards sloping, circumferential valve of the diaphragm and acts as aone-way pressure relief valve.

Inhalation airflow passes through the center-opening inhalation valve80. In this configuration the inhalation valve 80 uses a donut valvedesign. As stated previously, the use of an inhalation valve 80 thatseals onto the actuator 22 results in assembly that requires norotational orientation between the actuator 22 and diaphragm 20 withonly a vertical orientation needing to be considered. The diaphragm 20is pinned in place between a ring-shaped extrusion 88 (also referred toherein as an exhalation skirt) located on the retainer 16 and a sealingsurface 90 on the inner housing 18. This diaphragm retention techniquehelps to maintain a constant resting position for the diaphragm 20,locates the diaphragm 20 concentrically within the nebulizer 10,separates the movement of the biasing element 78 from thecircumferential exhalation valve 82 and isolates the exhalation flowpathway and the inhalation flow pathway. On inhalation, the exhalationflange contacts a sealing surface incorporated into the inner housing 18and the pathway is blocked. When sufficient negative pressure has beenreached, the donut-shaped inhalation valve 80 is pulled away from thesealing surface 98 of the actuator 22 and air can flow around thesealing surface 98, through the pathway created by the donut-shapedinhalation valve 80, and into the main cavity of the nebulizer 10.Openings 94 located in the retainer 16 and openings 96 in the innerhousing 18 allow air to move from the nebulizer's main chamber and intoand out of the nebulizer 10.

Referring to FIGS. 5-8 inhalation and exhalation flow paths within thenebulizer 10 will now be described. Prior to inhalation by the patient,there exists an upwards force acting (See FIG. 5) on the actuator 22,caused by the pressured gas entering the main chamber through thepressurized gas orifice 30 and striking the diverter 68. This upwardsforce raises the actuator 22 to its uppermost position, maintaining thediverter's 68 position away from the pressurized gas orifice 30, andthus in a non-nebulizing position. Maintenance of the uppermost positionof the actuator is also helped by the spring characteristics of thebiasing element 78 on the diaphragm 20 which biases the actuator 22 upand away from the pressured gas orifice 30. The pressured gas enteringthe nebulizer also creates a positive pressure within the nebulizer 10,pressing the inhalation valves against the sealing surface of theactuator. Visualization of the positive pressure acting on the diaphragmand the force of the pressurized gas on the diverter is displayed inFIG. 5.

On inhalation, the biasing element 78 of the diaphragm 20 rolls inwardin response to negative pressure from within the nebulizer 10, acting onthe lower surface of the diaphragm. This lowers the position of theactuator 22, bringing the diverter 68 closer to the pressured gasorifice 30 until the actuator 22 reaches the nebulizing position so thatthe diverter 68 it diverts the flow of the pressured gas. The negativepressure inside the nebulizer also opens the inhalation valve on thediaphragm, allowing atmospheric air to be drawn into the device toimprove the delivery of fine particle mass and to maintain a lowinhalation resistance to minimize the work needed to be done by thepatient during inhalation. Atmospheric air is drawn into the nebulizerthrough openings 94 integrated into the retainer.

FIG. 6 illustrates the airflow pathways of the entrained air, suppliedair and aerosol on inhalation. The negative pressure generated insidethe device during inhalation also ensures that the outer circumferentialexhalation valve 82 on the diaphragm 20 is sealed against the innersurface of the inner housing 18, blocking the exhalation pathway frominhalation airflow as shown in FIG. 7. FIG. 8 illustrates the airflowpathways of the expired air and supplied air on exhalation and FIG. 9displays the effect of the positive pressure generated during exhalationon the inhalation valve 80. FIG. 10 shows the venting used to channelexpired air out of the nebulizer 10 and away from the patient's face.FIG. 11 further highlights the isolation between inhalation andexhalation flow paths and the role of the exhalation skirt 88 inchanneling the expired air out of the rear of the nebulizer and downaway from the patient's face.

On exhalation, expired air moves through the nebulizer 10 and exitsthrough the rear of the nebulizer, away from the patient, to ensure nomedication is deposited on the patient's face or eyes. In oneembodiment, two (2) rectangular windows 96 on the back and top of theinner housing 18 (See FIGS. 4 and 10) are used to allow the expired airto exit the nebulizer 10, however other variations in vent shape andsizing are contemplated. The vents 96 in the inner housing 18 allow boththe supplied air and expired air to exit the main chamber 26 of thenebulizer 10 and move under the circumferential exhalation valve 82.Expired air is blocked from exiting the top windows 94 of the retainer16 due to the exhalation skirt 88 pinning the diaphragm 20 to the innerhousing 18, isolating the exhalation 82 and inhalation 80 valves.Airflow is channeled around the retainer 16 between the exhalation skirt88 and inner housing 18 and vented out of the back of the nebulizer 10through vents 96 incorporated into the inner housing 18. The positivepressure generated within the nebulizer seals the inhalation valve 80against the sealing surface 98 of the actuator 22 and prevents air fromflowing out of the top windows 94 of the retainer 18.

Second Embodiment

An alternative embodiment of the nebulizer 10 of FIGS. 1-11 isillustrated in FIGS. 12A-12B and 13A-13B. In this embodiment, airexhaled into the nebulizer 100 is directed through flaps on acircumferential exhalation valve ring 182 that forms part of thediaphragm 120. The exhalation valve ring 182 includes multiple flaps 183that act as one-way pressure relief valves. Inhalation airflow passesthrough the center-opening inhalation valve 180 that reuses the previousembodiment's donut valve design. FIGS. 12A-12B illustrates oneimplementation of the relative positioning of all elements of thediaphragm 120. On inhalation, the exhalation flaps 183 contact a sealingsurface 119 incorporated into the inner housing 118 and the exhalationpathway is blocked. When a sufficient negative pressure has been reacheddue to inhalation via mouthpiece 112, the inhalation valve 180 is pulledaway from the sealing surface 198 of the actuator 122 and air can flowaround the sealing surface 198, through the pathway created by thedeformation of the inhalation valve 180, and into the main chamber 126of the nebulizer 110. Windows/vents 194 located in the retainer 116 andinner housing 118 allow air to move to a from the nebulizer's mainchamber 126 and into and out of the device. The biasing element 178, orthe spring, of the diaphragm 120 is located between the actuator latchand the circumferential exhalation valve and is designed to have aresistance to motion that is sufficiently strong enough to hold theactuator 122 in the UP/OFF position until inhalation begins, yetresponsive enough to quickly react to negative pressures generatedthrough inhalation.

Referring to FIGS. 13A-13B, the biasing element 178 may be comprised ofa flexible material having a concave-down geometry that rolls inward inresponse to negative pressure within the nebulizer, acting on the lowersurface of the diaphragm 120. The diaphragm 120 is pinned in placebetween a ring shaped extrusion 189 located on the top of the innerhousing 118 and a ring-shaped extrusion 188 formed on the retainer 116.This assembled configuration isolates the function of the exhalationvalve 182 from that of the inhalation valve 180 and biasing element 178.

Referring again to FIGS. 12A-12B, the staggered flap 183 design of theexhalation ring 182 creates a notched valve with low exhalationresistance that may be manufactured using injection molding techniques.If the flaps 183 were instead all of equal height, and not offset orstaggered as illustrated, notching of the exhalation ring valve wouldhave created gaps between each flap, resulting in air leakage throughthe flap on inhalation. By dividing the circumference of the exhalationring valve 182 into distinct flaps 183 of two (2) heights, a notchedexhalation valve is created that can be molded with no undercut and nobreaks in the seal on inhalation. In the example diaphragm 120 of FIGS.12A-12B, the circumferential exhalation valve 182 is comprised of eight(8) equally sized flaps 183 however, an exhalation valve ring dividedinto any number of flaps with any number of distinct staggered heightsis contemplated.

Third Embodiment

In another embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 14A-C and 15-16, the diaphragm220 may include an exhalation valve 280 that is a downward sloping,circumferential valve and acts as a one-way pressure relief valve. Incontrast to the donut-type valve configuration discussed in the priorembodiments, inhalation airflow for the embodiment of FIGS. 14A-14C iscontrolled through a center-opening valve comprised of a modifiedduckbill check valve 280. Unlike traditional duckbill check valves thatare self-sealing, this valve seals on the surface of the actuator 222.The circumference of the sealing surface 298 between the actuator 222and duckbill valve 280 may be tailored to control inhalation resistance.The extra material allowance of the valves, shown in FIGS. 14A and 14Cas the flat sections 281 of the valve 280, may be selected to controlthe opening of the valve 280 itself and affect factors such asinhalation resistance.

As with the other center-opening valves discussed previously, thisdesign requires no rotational orientation between the actuator 222 anddiaphragm 220 on assembly and only has vertical orientationrequirements, such as to align with the sealing surface 298 on theactuator 222. The diaphragm 220 may be pinned in place between ringshaped extrusions 289, 288 located on the inner housing 218 and retainer216, respectively. The configuration of the nebulizer 210 having thediaphragm 220 pinned as illustrated in FIGS. 15-16 helps isolate themovement of the exhalation valve 282 from the inhalation valve 280 andbiasing element 278.

On inhalation into the nebulizer 210 of FIGS. 14A-C, and 15-16, airflows through vents 294 located in the retainer 216 and into the mainchamber 226. When the pressure gradient caused by inhalation is greatenough, the duckbill check valve 280 opens outward due to the negativepressure acting on its bottom surface and moves away from the sealingsurface 298 of the actuator 222. This allows air to flow into the mainchamber 226 of the nebulizer 210 and follow the flow path through themouthpiece. The negative pressure inside the nebulizer 210 duringinhalation also pulls the circumferential exhalation valve 282 down ontothe sealing surface 219 of the retainer and prevents inhalation airflowthrough the exhalation pathway (See FIG. 16). The diameter of thecircumferential valve 282 is sufficient such that on inhalation orexhalation it is able to contact the sealing surfaces with no spacesthrough which air could leak. Referring to FIGS. 15-16, on exhalation,the positive pressure within the nebulizer 210 collapses the duckbillcheck valve 280 around the sealing surface 298 of the actuator 222,closing the inhalation pathway 297 off from exhalation air flow 299.

Exhalation airflow 299 passes through vents located in the retainer 216,across the circumferential valve 282 and out of the nebulizer 210through windows located on the retainer 216. The biasing element 278, orthe spring, of the diaphragm 220 is located between the actuator latch260, 262 and the circumferential exhalation valve 282 and is designed tohave a resistance to motion that is sufficiently strong enough to holdthe actuator 222 in the UP/OFF position until inhalation begins, yetresponsive enough to quickly react to negative pressures generatedthrough inhalation. The biasing element 278 may consist of flexiblematerial arranged in a concave-down geometry of that rolls inward inresponse to negative pressure within the nebulizer 210, acting on thelower surface of the diaphragm 220.

Fourth Embodiment

In a fourth embodiment, as illustrated in FIGS. 17A-17C and 18-21, theexhalation valve 382 is incorporated into the diaphragm 320 as anupwards sloping, circumferential valve of the and acts as a one-waypressure relief valve to pass exhaled air from the nebulizer 310 andprevent air from entering along the exhalation path during inhalation.Inhalation airflow occurs through a one-way flap check valve 380 in thecenter of the diaphragm 320 that seals on the middle ring 398 of theactuator 320 during exhalation and bends away from the sealing surfaceof the middle ring 398 during inhalation to permit ambient air to enterthe nebulizer 310.

During assembly of this embodiment of nebulizer 310, the actuator 322may be inserted through the center of the diaphragm 320 from thecircumferential exhalation valve 382 side such that the inhalation valve380 bends out of the way of the tapered positioning flange 370 of theactuator 322 and returns to its unstressed position once the flange 370is passed. Because a single central actuator shaft, such as illustratedin prior embodiments discussed above, is not available due to thecentral flap valve configuration of the inhalation valve 380, theactuator 322 is configured with parallel arms 323 and will requirelimited rotational orientation during assembly. FIG. 18 illustrates theassembled state of the actuator 322 and diaphragm 320 with theinhalation valve 380 in its resting position. The diaphragm 320 ispinned in place between a ring-shaped extrusion 388, also referred toherein as an exhalation skirt, located on the retainer 316 and a sealingsurface 389 on the inner housing 318. This configuration isolates themovement of the inhalation valve 380 and biasing element 378 from thecircumferential valve 382.

Referring to FIG. 20, on inhalation, air flows through vents 394 locatedin the retainer 316 and into the main chamber 326 of the nebulizer 310.When the pressure gradient caused by inhalation through the mouthpiece312 is great enough, the exhalation flap forming the inhalation valve380 hinges away from the sealing surface of the middle ring 398 of theactuator 322 and air flows through the ring 398. This allows air to flowinto the main chamber 326 of the nebulizer 310. The negative pressure ofthe inhalation that opened the inhalation valve 380 also pulls on thebottom of the diaphragm 320, overcoming the bias of the biasing member378 and the force of the pressurized gas through the gas orifice 330keeping the actuator 322 in the non-nebulizing position. Pulled by thenegative pressure generated by the inhalation through the mouthpiece312, the actuator 322 moves down into the nebulizer 320 until thediverter 368 is in the nebulizing position.

In the nebulizing position, where the diverter 368 is spaced from thegas orifice 330 and annular fluid orifice 338 at a predetermineddistance to cause pressurized gas from the orifice 330 to deflect overthe annular orifice 338 and draws up and aerosolizes the medicament intothe pressurized gas flow, the nebulized medicament can then mix with theair drawn into the nebulizer. The air drawn into the nebulizer, nowladen with aerosolized medicament, can then follow the flow path throughthe mouthpiece to the patient. The negative pressure inside thenebulizer during inhalation also pulls the circumferential exhalationvalve 382 down onto the inner wall of the inner housing 318 forming asealing surface and preventing inhalation airflow in the exhalationpathway. The diameter of the circumferential exhalation valve 382 on thediaphragm 320 is preferably selected to be sufficient to contact theinner surface of the inner housing 318 on inhalation with no gapsthrough which air could leak.

Referring to FIG. 21, on exhalation, the positive pressure within thenebulizer 310 returns the inhalation valve 380 to its resting positionand pushes it against the sealing surface on the ring 398 of theactuator 322, closing the inhalation pathway off from exhalation airflow. Exhalation airflow passes through vents located in the retainer,across the circumferential valve and out of the nebulizer throughwindows located on the retainer 316. The diameter of the middle ring ofthe actuator 322 is sufficient that on exhalation, the inhalation valve380 completely covers the inhalation orifice defined by the ring 398 ofthe actuator 322. The biasing element 378, or the spring, of thediaphragm 320 is located between the actuator latch and the outercircumferential exhalation valve 382 and is designed to have aresistance to motion that is sufficiently strong enough to hold theactuator 322 in the UP/OFF position until inhalation begins, yetresponsive enough to quickly react to negative pressures generatedthrough inhalation to move the diverter 368 to a nebulizing position.The biasing element 378 may be a flexible material having a concave-downgeometry that rolls inward in response to negative pressure within thenebulizer, acting on the lower surface of the diaphragm 320.

Fifth Embodiment

In another embodiment, as illustrated in FIGS. 22-23, the inhalation andexhalation functions may both be incorporated into the circumferentialvalve 482 of the diaphragm 420 and act as independent one-way pressurerelief valves. No airflow occurs between the actuator 422 and diaphragm420 themselves due to the grommet styled seal created by the actuatorlatch consisting of a wedge-shaped inner flange 462 in a central openingof the diaphragm 420 and a complementary wedge-shaped groove 460 on anouter circumference of the actuator 422. Separation of inhalation andexhalation airflow pathways is accomplished by a sealing flange 417incorporated into the retainer 416 that acts as a sealing surface onexhalation and the ledge 419 on the inner housing 418 that acts as asealing surface on inhalation. The diameter of the circumferential valve482 on the diaphragm 420 is preferably sufficient to contact the sealingsurfaces on both inhalation and exhalation with no spaces through whichair could leak.

As shown in FIG. 24, windows/vents located in the retainer 416 and innerhousing 418 allow expired air to move through the mouthpiece 412, themain nebulizer chamber, across the circumferential valve 482 and out thewindows in the exhalation region while ambient air can be drawn throughwindows in the retainer 416, across the circumferential valve 482 of thediaphragm 420 in the inhalation region and through windows located underthe diaphragm, into the body main cavity of the nebulizer. The biasingelement 478, or the spring, of the diaphragm 420 is located between theactuator latch 460, 462 and the outer circumferential valve and isdesigned to have a resistance to motion that is sufficiently strongenough to hold the actuator in the UP/OFF position until inhalationbegins, yet responsive enough to quickly react to negative pressuresgenerated through inhalation. The biasing element 478 is comprised of aflexible material in a concave-down geometry that rolls inward inresponse to negative pressure within the nebulizer 410, acting on thelower surface of the diaphragm 420. The diaphragm 420 is pinned in placebetween ring shaped extrusions 488, 489 located on the inner housing 418and retainer 416 and holds the vertical position of the diaphragmconstant, in addition to separating the movement of the circumferentialvalve 482 and the biasing element 478 from each other. The sizing of thesemi-circumferential sealing valve and the sealing ledge on the innerhousing 418 as well as the separation between the sealing faces and theresting position of the circumferential valve 482 of the diaphragm 420are determining factors in the flow characteristics of the nebulizer,such as inhalation resistance, exhalation resistance and flow toactuate. In this embodiment, the semi-circumferential sealing valveincorporated into the retainer spans less than half of the circumferenceof the retainer. Flange thickness and geometry also affect theinhalation and exhalation resistance while the thickness and geometry ofthe biasing element 478 affect the flow to actuate.

In each of the embodiments presented above, the biasing element workedto lift the actuator and provide a force opposite to the force generatedthrough inhalation. Alternatively, a biasing element that provides adownward force on the actuator could be used. The biasing element wouldhave a resistance to motion that is sufficiently weak enough to allowthe actuator to move to the UP/OFF position when pressurized gas isapplied through the pressurized gas inlet until inhalation begins, yetresponsive enough to quickly react to negative pressures generatedthrough inhalation. Unlike previous configurations, a biasing elementworking in the opposite direction would hold the actuator down whenpressurized gas is not applied to the nebulizer. The biasing elementwould be comprised of a flexible material that rolls inward in responseto negative pressure within the nebulizer, acting on the lower surfaceof the diaphragm. This solution may be advantageous as it can be used tolower the inhalation flow required to actuate the devices and maximizethe duration of aerosol generation over course of a single breath.Though the different variations of diaphragm designs discussed above arepresented as separate embodiments, it is to be understood that eachinhalation valve, exhalation valve, and biasing element presented may becombined in any configuration of the three elements to the same effect.

The methods by which any of the above-described nebulizers may bemanually set to continually nebulize a fluid present in the chamber willnow be explained in greater detail. In the currently availablenebulizer, the nebulizer has a dial feature that snaps into the retainerand can be rotated. When rotated in a predetermined direction, two (2)finger-like protrusions on the dial push against a ramp profileintegrated into the diaphragm and push the diaphragm. This, in turn,lowers the actuator to the nebulizing position and aerosol is produced.In the preferred embodiment, the actuator and dial of the previousgeneration nebulizer have been merged into a single part, now referredto only as the actuator. Rotation of the actuator, rather than the dial,allows for manual switching between breath actuated and continuousnebulization. In order to accommodate a diaphragm that incorporates theinhalation valve, exhalation valve and biasing element in one part, theramp profile was incorporated into the retainer in a flange borderingthe center opening in the retainer, through which the indicating featureof the actuator protrudes.

FIG. 25 shows one example of how the ramp profile is integrated into thecentral flange. In this example, the full travel of the ramp occurs overa quarter turn, in other words a rotational angle of approximately 90degrees. However, this effect can be accomplished over any amount ofrotation. Tabs on the actuator follow the profile of the ramp whenrotated. The biasing element of the diaphragm, in addition to the forceof the pressured gas striking the diverter, push the tabs of theactuator against the ramp flange so that the vertical position, h, ofthe actuator is determined by where the tabs rest against the ramp. Thechange in height, h, is such that when the actuator is in its uppermostposition, no nebulization occurs while in the lower/continuous position,aerosol is generated. The vertical travel of the ramp is equal to thevertical travel of the actuator in breath-actuated mode on inhalation.

Referring to FIGS. 26A and 26B, the actuator 22 of FIG. 1 is shown ingreater detail. The actuator 22 includes a feedback finger located 90degrees from the tabs of the actuator that protrudes below theindicating surface of the actuator and contains a triangular tip thatlocks the actuator in the breath actuated mode or continuous mode whenthe dial ears are rotated. The feedback finger deflects overcorresponding detents on the ramp flange and holds the rotationalposition of the actuator in either mode. The deflection of the feedbackfinger also provides a haptic indication, or click, to the user when theactuator has been rotated sufficiently to change modes frombreath-actuated to continuous nebulization. Due to the limitedrotational symmetry of the retainer, the feedback finger is onlynecessary on one side of the actuator and can be assembled with 180degree offset, relative to the retainer. Although one specific exampleof the relative positions of the tabs and feedback finger of theactuator, as well as the dial ears used to rotate the actuator, is shownin FIGS. 26A and B, other configurations and spacings are contemplated.

The height that the indicating feature of the actuator extends above theupper surface of the retainer provides a visual indication whennebulization is occurring, as well as the actuator will drop a verticalthe mode the nebulizer is set to. On inhalation, distance due to thenegative pressure generated inside the nebulizer. When rotated betweenthe breath-actuated and continuous mode, the orientation of the dialears will change by 90 degrees and the vertical position of the actuator22 will change, as shown in FIGS. 27A and 27B. The dial ears may also bemanually pushed down by the user to generate aerosol.

In one embodiment, the actuator and dial features have again been mergedinto a single part, now referred to only as the actuator. As before,rotation of the actuator, rather than the dial, allows for switchingbetween breath-actuated nebulization and continuous nebulization. Inorder to reduce part count and create a design that eases theimplementation of automated assembly, the dial was removed and thefunction incorporated into the actuator and the retainer. In order toswitch the nebulizer between continuous nebulization and breath-actuatedmode, a method of vertically positioning the actuator, and thus thedistance between the baffle surface and the nozzle orifice, isincorporated onto the indicating surface of the actuator with receivingslots integrated into the retainer to hold the actuator in place when inuse.

In this embodiment, the surface of the indicating portion of theactuator is designed with a raised ridge with sloping sides. The biasingelement of the diaphragm, in addition to the force of the pressurizedgas striking the diverter, push the actuator against protrusions foundon the retainer and control the vertical positioning of the actuator.When the actuator is rotated such that the ridge move below theprotrusions, the actuator is pushed to the down position and the bafflecomes into contact with the nozzle jet stream and aerosol is produced.This embodiment allows for rotation in any direction with no radialorientation required on assembly. A flat protrusion from the top of theactuator is included as a feature by which to grip and rotate theactuator. The indicating surface of the actuator may also be manuallydepressed by pushing down with a finger to move the actuator to thenebulizing position. In another embodiment, the actuator and dialfeatures have again been merged into a single part, now referred to onlyas the actuator.

As stated previously, rotation of the actuator, rather than the dial,allows for switching between breath-actuated nebulization and continuousnebulization. In order to switch the nebulizer between continuousnebulization and breath-actuated nebulization, a method of verticallypositioning the actuator, and thus the distance between the divertersurface and the pressurized gas orifice, is incorporated onto the nozzlecover of the inner housing with protrusions on the actuator that followthe path of the ramp. In this embodiment the outer surface of the nozzlecover incorporates an overhanging ramp profile. The biasing element ofthe diaphragm, in addition to the force of the pressurized gas strikingthe diverter, pushes the protrusions located on the lower portion of theactuator against the ramp system and locates the vertical distance ofthe actuator. During assembly, the actuator snaps over the nozzle cover.A flat protrusion from the top of the actuator is included as a featureby which to grip and rotate the actuator, as in the embodiment of FIGS.1-11. The indicating surface of the actuator may also be manuallydepressed by pushing down with a finger to move the actuator to thenebulizing position.

The above embodiments of the nebulizer have been described for use inmedical or therapeutic applications. It is noted that the principles ofthe invention disclosed herein may have applicability to other usages,such as industrial or manufacturing. It is intended that the foregoingdetailed description be regarded as illustrative rather than limiting,and that it be understood that the following claims, including allequivalents, are intended to define the scope of this invention.

We claim:
 1. A nebulizer comprising: a housing having a chamber forholding an aerosol; an air outlet communicating with the chamber; aliquid outlet located in the chamber; a pressurized gas outlet locatedin the chamber adjacent to the liquid outlet; an actuator movablydisposed along a central axis of the housing, the actuator connected toa diaphragm comprising an inhalation valve, an exhalation valve and abiasing member integrated in a single piece of material; wherein thebiasing member is configured to move a diverter positioned on theactuator between a nebulizing position and a non-nebulizing positionwith respect to the pressurized gas outlet in response to a patient'sbreathing.
 2. The nebulizer of claim 1, wherein the actuator comprisesan attachment region configured to form a friction fit with a portion ofa first region of the biasing member in the diaphragm.
 3. The nebulizerof claim 2, wherein a second region of the biasing member is held in afixed position relative to the housing, such that the actuator ismovable relative to the housing between the nebulizing position and thenon-nebulizing position by the biasing member in response to thepatient's breathing.
 4. The nebulizer of claim 3, wherein the actuatorfurther comprises a sealing surface, separate from the attachmentregion, and the inhalation valve of the diaphragm is configured to sealagainst the sealing surface of the actuator in response to a positivepressure in the chamber and to move away from the sealing surface inresponse to a negative pressure in the chamber.
 5. The nebulizer ofclaim 4, wherein the biasing member is configured to permit theinhalation valve of the diaphragm to travel with the actuator inresponse to the patient's breathing.
 6. The nebulizer of claim 3,further comprising: an inner housing removably insertable into thehousing; a lid assembly removably attachable to the housing, wherein thelid assembly includes a diaphragm retention extension; wherein when thelid assembly is attached to the housing, the diaphragm is capturedbetween the diaphragm retention extension and a surface of the innerhousing.
 7. The nebulizer of claim 6, wherein the inner housing and thehousing define an exhalation path between the inner housing and housing,and wherein the exhalation valve of the diaphragm is configure to closethe exhalation path in response to a negative pressure in the chamberand open the exhalation path in response to a positive pressure in thechamber.
 8. The nebulizer of claim 1, wherein: the diaphragm is formedin an annular shape; the inhalation valve of the diaphragm comprises acenter-opening having a circular valve configured to, in response to apositive pressure in the chamber, seal against a sealing surface of theactuator positioned in the diaphragm; and the exhalation valve of thediaphragm comprises a outer circumferential portion of the diaphragmconfigured to seal against an inner circumference of the housing inresponse to a negative pressure in the chamber.
 9. The nebulizer ofclaim 8, wherein the exhalation valve further comprises a plurality ofseparate sections of the outer circumferential portion of the diaphragm.10. The nebulizer of claim 1, wherein the exhalation valve comprises afirst section of the outer circumferential portion of the diaphragm andthe inhalation valve comprises a second section of the outercircumferential portion of the diaphragm.
 11. A nebulizer comprising: ahousing having a chamber for holding an aerosol; an air outletcommunicating with the chamber; a liquid outlet located in the chamber;a pressurized gas outlet located in the chamber adjacent to the liquidoutlet; a diaphragm positioned in the housing, the diaphragm comprisinga inhalation valve, an exhalation valve and a biasing member formed in asingle piece of material; an actuator attached to a central opening ofthe diaphragm and moveably disposed along an axis parallel to a centralaxis of the housing, the actuator having a diverter portion positionedat a first end; wherein the biasing member is configured to move thediverter portion on the actuator between a nebulizing position and anon-nebulizing position with respect to the pressurized gas outlet inresponse to a patient's breathing.
 12. The nebulizer of claim 11,wherein the actuator further comprises at least two shafts extendingparallel to the central axis and through the diaphragm.
 13. Thenebulizer of claim 12, wherein the inhalation valve comprises a checkvalve in the diaphragm that is configured to seal against an openingbetween the at least two shafts of the actuator in response to apositive pressure in the chamber.
 14. The nebulizer of claim 11, whereinthe actuator comprises an attachment region configured to form afriction fit with a portion of a first region of the biasing member ofthe diaphragm.
 15. The nebulizer of claim 14, wherein a second region ofthe biasing member is held in a fixed position relative to the housing,such that the actuator is movable relative to the housing between thenebulizing position and the non-nebulizing position by the biasingmember in response to the patient's breathing.
 16. The nebulizer ofclaim 15, wherein the actuator further comprises a sealing surface,separate from the attachment region, and the inhalation valve of thediaphragm is configured to seal against the sealing surface of theactuator in response to a positive pressure in the chamber and to moveaway from the sealing surface in response to a negative pressure in thechamber.
 17. The nebulizer of claim 16, wherein the biasing member ofthe diaphragm is configured to permit the inhalation valve of thediaphragm to travel with the actuator in response to the patient'sbreathing.
 18. The nebulizer of claim 15, further comprising: an innerhousing removably insertable into the housing; a lid assembly removablyattachable to the housing, wherein the lid assembly includes a diaphragmretention extension; wherein when the lid assembly is attached to thehousing, the diaphragm is captured between the diaphragm retentionextension and a surface of the inner housing.
 19. The nebulizer of claim18, wherein the inner housing and the housing define an exhalation pathbetween the inner housing and housing, and wherein the exhalation valveof the diaphragm is configure to close the exhalation path in responseto a negative pressure in the chamber and open the exhalation path inresponse to a positive pressure in the chamber.
 20. The nebulizer ofclaim 11, further comprising: a lid assembly detachably attached to thehousing; and wherein the actuator further comprises a nebulization stateindicator at a second end opposite the first end, the second endextending through the lid assembly, wherein the nebulization stateindicator visually indicates one of a nebulizing state or anon-nebulizing state of the nebulizer.